In transient expression assays in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts, TSAR1 and TSAR2 exhibit different patterns of transactivation of downstream triterpene saponin biosynthetic genes, hinting at distinct functionalities within the regulation of the pathway. Transactivation is mediated by direct binding of TSARs to the N-box in the promoter of HMGR1. TSAR1 and TSAR2 are coregulated with and transactivate the genes encoding 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE1 (HMGR1) and MAKIBISHI1, the rate-limiting enzyme for triterpene biosynthesis and an E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls HMGR1 levels, respectively. Here, we report on two homologous jasmonate-inducible transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix family, TRITERPENE SAPONIN BIOSYNTHESIS ACTIVATING REGULATOR1 ( TSAR1) and TSAR2, which direct triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. However, for many specialized metabolic pathways, the transcription factors involved remain unknown. Hormonal elicitors, such as jasmonates, trigger a complex signaling circuit leading to the concerted activation of specific metabolic pathways. Plants respond to stresses by producing a broad spectrum of bioactive specialized metabolites. Mertens, Jan Pollier, Jacob Vanden Bossche, Robin Lopez-Vidriero, Irene Franco-Zorrilla, José Manuel Goossens, Alain
The bHLH Transcription Factors TSAR1 and TSAR2 Regulate Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. In addition, Core TSAR demonstratesmore » a robust ability to adapt to both a variety of workloads and underlying system configurations.« less Lastly, our results show performance improvements of up to three-fold over a current state-of-the-art heterogeneous task scheduler as well as linear performance scaling from a single GPU to four GPUs for many codes.
Core TSAR seeks to reduce this complexity by adaptively worksharing parallel-loop regions across compute resources without requiring any transformation of the code within the loop. As a consequence, efficiently managing such disparate resources has become increasingly complex. Heterogeneity continues to increase at all levels of computing, with the rise of accelerators such as GPUs, FPGAs, and other co-processors into everything from desktops to supercomputers. Core TSAR: Core Task-Size Adapting Runtime